Analysis Of Booker T. Washington - 1306 Words

In the 19th century, many things were changing. During the post reconstruction era, technology and industry became more prevalent, more land was founded for the United States and people fought for civil equality; in particular, the black population. In the later 1800’s, black empowerment was on the rise. As slavery cease to exist and the newly freed slaves were introduced to American Society, many were uncomfortable about how to strive in a world were they were constantly oppressed. Booker T. Washington, an educator at the time, believed the black Americans had to earn their way into society through education and accept minor segregation if it meant in the future, they are fully integrated. W.E.B. DuBois, a scholar, however, believe their rights were unalienable just like others and people of color had to be accepted no matter what. Despite being so similar in the ideas and practices of empowering people of color, Washington’s views of how to empower the black populatio n through hard work into society was more compelling for the time. Booker T. Washington, born April 5, 1856 in Hale’s Ford, Virginia, was a slave. According to the Virginia Slave Laws, a child born into slavery is also a slave, based on the condition of his mother. Early on, the plantation owner James Burroughs had Washington carry sacks of grains to the plantation and Washington was beaten when he could not do as required. One day, Washington saw a school with kids, reading and writing. Washington thenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington872 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade a part, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother was a slave which meant that he too wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1476 Words   |  6 PagesBooker T. Washington, in his autobiographical book Up From Slavery, recounts his formative experiences as a child and his work as an adult. Only 9 years old when the Civil War ended, Washington grew up during the Reconstruction Era. With African Americans able to attend school following Emancipation, Washington worked hard to get an education. Race relations of the era and the challenges African Americans faced would come to inspire Washington to pursue teaching and advocacy. He would come to establishRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1399 Words   |  6 Pages1a. Booker T. Washington had a very different social philosophy than most African Americans pursuing their freedom had during this era. This philosophy brought upon much tension and many tended not to agree with Washingtonâ₠¬â„¢s ways of thinking. One of the people who disagreed with Washington was W.E.B. Du Bois. Both Washington and Dubois were essentially striving towards the same outcome, but they both had different approaches. Booker T. Washington argued that African Americans must educate themselvesRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington926 Words   |  4 Pagesto the readings, Booker T. Washington believed in the Industrial Education also called a Technical/Vocational Education for the Negros, and W.E.B DuBois believed in the Liberal Arts Education. Booker wrote and delivered the speech The Atlanta Compromise in 1895. He was known for founding the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now known as Tuskegee University in Alabama. The Institute grew immensely and focused on training African Americans in agricultural pursuits. Bookers’ statement the AtlantaRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington999 Words   |  4 Pageswhich had videos about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. There were two African American men wanting to uplift the Black community, but sought two different ways of doing so. They both saw things from two different points of views. Booker T. Washington spoke as a southerner who grew up as a slave that experienced racism throughout his life. He advocated industrial/vocational education to give blacks a useful skill to make money and take of their families. Washington had attended Hampton UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois 1) Who were these men? Provide a brief biography of both. Booker T. Washington was born, into slavery, on April 5th, 1856 in Hale’s Ford, Virginia. He was nine years old when his family was emancipated, and they moved to West Virginia. It wasn’t until after he moved that he began to receive an education. He eventually graduated from the Hampton Institute; he worked through the time he was in school in order to pay for his education. He went on to laterRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1630 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were very important African American leaders in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They both felt that African Americans should not be treated unequally in education and civil rights. They had beliefs that education is crucial for the African American community where they stressed that educating African Americans would lead them into obtaining government positions, possibly resulting in social change. Washington andRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Booker T. Washington1047 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Booker T. Washington Success, through society’s critical eye, is typically defined by one’s occupation and annual income. This story of success takes the road less traveled; Jeannette Walls begins her story describing her motivation for writing it. Prompted by her mother’s urgings to no long live in shame of her past, Jeannette initiates her memoir by narrating what gaveRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1747 Words   |  7 Pagesand how they helped better the lives of black Americans while also disclosing some of their more problematic notions. The impacts and contracts of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alexander Crummell, and Marcus Garvey on post-emancipation America are evident through the social and political progress of the United States. Booker T. Washington was a nationalist who supported gradualism and separatism. He was very conservative compared to others of his time, especially other black leadersRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesstood out to me and impacted me the most is Booker T. Washington. Booker T. Washington is arguably the most famous African American Education Activist for his multiple contributions to giving African Americans the equal education rights in the United States as white people. He founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, or better known as Tuskegee University. Despite the racial inequality and segregation during his time, Booker T. Washington wanted to ensure that his fellow African American

Women s Rights And Equality - 1020 Words

â€Å"Who run the world? Girls,† is an iconic lyric from Beyonce s â€Å"Run the World,† and may give the impression that women have been dominating the world, just like men. What a listener will not hear in â€Å"Run the World† is how long it took and how much effort it took just to give women the slight feeling of equality that they have today. The rights women have now would not be in place without the feminist movement, starting in the 1960s. In the 60s, women began to take action, believing that the phrase, â€Å"all men are created equal†(United States Declaration of Independence), includes all people, not just males. By analyzing recent acts for women s rights and equality, one can see that modern feminism is representative of the feminist culture in†¦show more content†¦From the years 1963 to 1972, women acted, but there was not much government response. In 1972, the women’s movement began to take the public stage. During this year, Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed, which prohibited sex discrimination in all educational programs that receive federal support (Milligan 1). In 1973, Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade made abortion legal, giving women a right to choose what they want to do with their own bodies. In 1974, housing discrimination due to gender was outlawed. At this time, forcing women to take maternity leave was made illegal. In 1975, in the case Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court denied states the right to exclude women from juries. In 1978, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed, banning employment discrimination against pregnant women. The Supreme Court took a change in 1981 when Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman to serve on the supreme court, giving the court a new outlook. O’Connor’s service proved for the first time that women were not defined to restriction s of ‘male jobs’ and ‘female jobs’. Continuing this same theme, in 1984, Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman to be nominated for Vice President on a major party ticket. This same year, Mississippi became the last state to ratify the 19th amendment. A milestone was reached in 1992, with record numbers of women elected to congress. In 1994, the Violence Against Women Act was passed , which fundedShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Equality1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of equality inquires that all genders have the same rights and opportunities. According to law women are able to work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society. The 1st amendment reassures all Americans these freedoms. It does not assure that women can work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society without concern of being socially accepted. We deserve the same rights men have had since the beginning of time. In the past, the public has written the role women should bea r;Read MoreWomen s Right For Equality1467 Words   |  6 Pagessociety there is a need for equality for men and women, we must allow our well-being to achieve success. Researchers have been doing research on society to find the dissimilarities between women and men. We as women are by far the largest minority in the United States. I could relate the most important social, political and economic trends of the century, upon the achievements, as well as their missteps. Though we are making an effort to improve women s right for equality, the American dream isRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1132 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough women’s rights and equality is progressing in the United States, there are progressing countries trying to achieve their overall gender index rank, which measures the human development of a country. From 2006 to 2014, Egypt s inequality gender gap index rank has increased significantly from 109 to 129 out of 173 countries of the world (Bekhouche, Hausmann, Tyson, Zahidi). During Ancient Egypt, women and men had the same rights to resources such as personal health, work, and education. ButRead MoreWomen s Rights, Equality, And Opportunities1269 Words   |  6 PagesEquality. The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. A simple concept yet so hard to achieve between sexes. Throughout history women have always been the minority and marginalized. They were thought of only being a caregiver, that could not exemplify the same work ethic men did. Women were and still are neglected the same rights men have. Since times have evolved women have fought for the rights they have. Yet even in the year 2015, men are still considered to beRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and putRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages All men and women were created equal. However, this obvious truth is not universally shared. Fortunately, there is a very real fight for gender equality that we are currently engaged in, and a participant in that fight that holds a fundamental role are non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs exist as private, voluntary organizations that function without government restriction and bias because they are not for profit and not funded by the government. These organizations coordinate strategiesRead MoreWomen s Rights For Gender Equality1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhatever women do, they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult (Charlotte Whitton). Women’s rights promote an equality between men and women. Equality between males and females would be both genders being treated equal and fair in all aspects of life. Many people have been fighting for centuries to transform women’s rights. Women’s rights regarding job opportunities, military advancements and pay gaps have transformed over centuries and need to continueRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagesmay not even bring anything or anyone significant to mind. But no matter what thoughts arise through them, all three of these words represent an ideology, and two of them commonly have to do with diet. Feminism, or the advocacy of women’s rights and gender equality, and veganism, or the lifestyle and diet of avoiding animal products, are widely known and decently popular. However, locavorism, which is the lifestyle and d iet of purchasing and eating locally and sustainably grown food in order to helpRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Rights1274 Words   |  6 Pages Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, and remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreWomen s Rights Is The Fight For Equality1083 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights is the fight for the idea that women should have equal rights with men. Over history, this has taken the form of gaining property rights, the women’s suffrage, or the right of women to vote, reproductive rights, and the right to work f or for equal pay. Women were conditioned to be treated like second class citizens solely because of their gender until a crucial movement in American history during the late nineteenth century that would inspire a long fight for equality for generations

Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays

Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most powerful individuals in history. He was a great soldier, an unparalleled tactician and a skilled administrator. His dictatorship and ruthlessness led him to his thinking that he could do no wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a teenager, he grew in a revolutionary era that gave him the opportunity to become an achiever. His first military opportunity came when he became the captain at the siege of Toulon. Here, he was able to seize crucial forts even bombed the British naval and land military men. The incident brought about the retreat of the British forces. When he was the brigadier-general, he joined the military campaign in Italy but was unfortunately arrested and sent to jail because of his association to his younger brother Maximilien Robiespierre. After his release, he worked with Paul Barras who was a member of the Directory. Barras used Bonaparte’s great passion to stop a royalist mob in 1795 with what the now famous â€Å"whiff of grapeshot.† Despite Napoleon’s leadership skills, he had certain weaknesses such as impatience dislike of criticisms and over-optimism. These qualities manifested when he controlled and censored the press. Perhaps, he would be more admired if he was able to face and do something about his shortcomings rather the controlling the press. One of the grave weaknesses that he committed was actually reforming the tax system. He imposed heavy taxes in Germany and even cut off imports because of the continued wars. This actually decreased his popularity among the people. It is never a good tactic to become a dictator. A leader will only be a good one if his leadership is ratified in the hearts of his people. This was violated by Bonaparte when he opted to put the burden to the people in order to prioritize the war. Bibliography Asprey, R. (2000). The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Basic Books. Connelly, O. (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Cronin, V. (1994) Napoleon. London: Harper Collins. Durant, W. (1975). The Age of Napeleon. New York: Simon and Schuster.          How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Essay examples Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays Napoleon Bonaparte â€Å"The human race is governed by its imagination. †(Napoleon Bonaparte)is This quote by Napoleon shows how he believed that government should be made by the voice of the people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader of war for France, and ruled as a democratic reformer. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since he was a kid, Napoleon had great leadership skills, and a love for the military. He was an excellent student, and he studied the tactics of previous rulers. Napoleon led many great battles and won most of them by changing the style of the army. His new tactics, leadership skills, and many conquests led him to be praised by many people. This resulted to him being appointed Consul of the French Republic and gaining political power. Napoleon Bonaparte was a democratic reformer because he granted people rights based on the ideas of the French Revolution, understood the importance of civilians, and his people viewed him as a great ruler. Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruler who granted many rights and freedoms to his people. Many of his rights were based on the French Revolution such as the idea of equality. He believed that all people should be treated fairly no matter who they are. This is shown in document four, â€Å"No one should get special treatment based on birth or fortune, and this system of equality is the reason that your English monarchy hates me so much†. Napoleon also believed that improving education was very important, and that it would help bring their country forward. This belief is shown in document two, â€Å"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. Everything depends on it, the present and the future†. He also granted religious freedom, abolished serfdom, and respected his people. All of these freedoms are freedoms that a democratic reformer would certainly give to his people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a man who loved his country and his people which he showed by giving them many rights and freedoms. Napoleon was a man who believed in his people and understood them. He mainly gave his people equality because he understood how important it was throughout his life, especially his childhood. This is shown in document two, â€Å"Before I became a ruler, I was a subject, and before that I was a student. I can never forget how powerfully the sentiment of equality influenced my mind and excited my heart†. He told his civilians that he once was one of them, and he knows how tough life can get. Document four shows how he believes he can make their lives better, â€Å"I have always been of the opinion that the sovereignty should lay with the people†. A democratic reformer would let his people have a say in their government which is exactly what Napoleon did. He wanted the best possible for his people. Unlike an absolute monarch, he listened to what the people had to say, and he based the laws on them. Napoleon Bonaparte was an understanding person who helped the voice of the people be heard. Not only did Napoleon do such great things, but his people admired and praised him as a ruler. Christians believed that God had placed him on Earth to rule as their own benefit. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"God, who has created†¦ by loading our emperor with gifts both in peace and war, established him as our sovereign and made him the agent of his power and his image on earth. † Many of his people respected him, and they were able to list many positive things about Napoleon’s contribution to them. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelty, military service, and the taxes levied for the preservation and defense of the empire and of his throne†. Such praise for Napoleon by his people clearly shows that what he does is for them which is a trait of a democratic reformer. His ways to connect and make his citizens happy definitely affected the way his people think about him. Napoleon Bonaparte’s rights and ideas based on the French Revolution, a strong understanding of his people, and his people praising him as a great person all lead to the conclusion that he was a democratic reformer. It is very important to know what his views on government were and how they resulted because we can relate it to governments of today. People can compare how certain rights given to people can better their view on their government. Additionally, it is a way to compare and contrast Napoleon and his ideas to present day government officials. With all of this information, people can make many connections to present day government to other’s such as Napoleon’s. Overall, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great democratic reformer of the past of France. How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Papers Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays The decision of shipping Napoleon to St. Helena from his place of residence in Elba by the European powers was a counterfeit attempt to defy the will and wish of humane leader like him. They were out of legal pragmatism to down play this shipment not to been an arbitrary or elsewhere capricious punishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now On grounds of discrete humanity, Napoleon deserved to live in Elba and not shipped to St. Helena where he would stay separated from the social and legal society he had ruled for long. Historically, he was born on the 15th August 1769 in the Ajacio of Corsica an island in Mediterranean. He was marked as a highly exploratory military leader who never compromised efficiency. From his military activity, Napoleon went into the historical books as a figure of great historical background as well as a legendary icon in defining pragmatic variable of leadership. (http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html) However, it was only after his fast rise into the military portfolio when the European powers contemplated him as a threat to global stability. However, this attribute was only attributed to his early childhood anticipation of career in the military. His trial was historically allied to his strong military command, which was characterized by hungry for power and leadership traits. According to Napoleon, his military conquest was a tool for the people in the Europe.   (Herson, 2004) As a characteristic of his military campaign, he made formal constitutional grants, introduced various codes of law, made abolishment of feudalism and also created government efficiencies which fostered development in education, arts and also science. In his proof, Napoleon was therefore a civil administrator with quite excellent characteristics. In his leadership, he managed to supervise as well as the collection of the former French law in terms of codes which were more prevalent in providing the country’s revolution. In the law codes, Napoleon had made fundamental incorporations of various freedoms for the French people aimed at providing more liberalized state governance. Such freedoms were legal manuscripts of the formal gains to France during the revolution. They compounded religious freedoms as well as abolition of the state serfdom. Amongst the great codes is the code civil which still persists in the current civil law in the modern France. Elsewhere, he provided governance centralization in which he made appointments for regions administration which was called departments and which were the jurisdiction divisions of France. (Trusdell, 1997) According to him, the government was for the French people. However, he had stern rejections on the people making the government. He used a strong police administration to provide the rule of order and a stronger governance power. In his leadership, Napoleon had abolished the concept of anarchy which helped tom provide order through afflicting the state of chaos. His state of leadership comprehended merit reward without any subjection of benefit based on race or wealth pursuit. His concern led to total abolition of feudalism which spear headed equality to the French people without religious discrimination or defense by impartial law. His rule was to overthrow monarchial rule. (http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html) Therefore, in the state of concern between the European power and the Napoleon, his final settlement should have been in Elba where he lived but not in St. Helena. Otherwise, the state of leadership by Napoleon was a triumphant attempt to bring to birth societal revolution in France by restructuring the societal portfolio. His emphasis was fundamentally liberal expressions by the people with the rule of law and order standing to provide  Ã‚   every legitimate form of association for the people. The shipment to St. Helena was a passive punishment which would not be fundamentally held to promote conceptual standards of humanity. He should not have been punished. Reference Herson, J, (2004) Napoleon: A Political Life. Parameters, Vol. 34 Napoleon Bonaparte. Retrevieved on 11th March 2008 from, http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html Trusdell, M, (1997) Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fete Imperiale, 1849-1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Essay examples

Introduction To Instrumentation And Measurements

Question: Explain what a measurement system is with the aid of a block diagram. You need to explain the main system elements and the process of the system. The primary sensor: Signal Conditioning: Data transmission : Display or Presentation: An example of how a measuring system works : Compare the following types of transmission systems and give examples of their usage: (a) Coaxial cable (b) Twisted-pair cable (c) Flat cable (d) Fibre-optic Answer: The measuring system: A system which is designed to specify anything which can be measured is called a measuring system. It involves the selection of unit of measurements comparing the quantity with the standard unit. The standard chosen should be of the same of nature as the quantity to be measured. Examples of measuring systems: Temperature: reservoir temperature, Building temperature. Measurement System: resistance thermocouple is used to measure the reservoir temperature and QAA made sensor is used to measure the building temperature. Pressure: High pressure, vacuum Measurement system: for vacuum measurement ionization gauge is used and high pressure is measured using gauges. Measuring System Elements Primary sensing elements: Primary sensing element is the first element which makes first contact in measurement system. Then, the signal is converted into electrical signal but it is limited to theoretical purpose only. Transducers are the elements which converts physical signals into electrical signals. Variable conversing element: The signal output from the primary sensing element may be of any kind. It may be electrical or any mechanical signal. Sometimes there is an error in output signal and we are not able to get output. For any instrument it is very important to convert the output signal in specified or desired results. Variable manipulation elements: It is just a change of numerical value to the electrical signals. Its main function is to makes the duplicate signal and preserving the original signals. Voltage amplifier is the perfect example of variable manipulation elements. Signal conditional element: Signals received from transducer have some information which is further verified in the system. There can be some signal distortions which are then purified with the help of amplifiers. In the amplification process, the amplitude of the signal is increased with the help of levers, gears, and electronic, pneumatic, and hydraulic amplifiers. This increase in the amplitude is named as gain. Data transmission elements: The signal element carried from the signal conditioning elements produces an output later with the help of transmission elements. If we take the examples of air traffic controls air planes are separated by the control system but they are connected by data transmission elements. Data presentation elements: It is the last stage of presenting the data transmission. At this step all the signal wave forms are presented on virtual display on TV screen or LED monitor. CRT and oscilloscope are also the examples of display. Here is the block diagram of measuring elements : Functional elements of pressure gauge: If we take the example of pressure gauge there is bourdon tube, which is very good example of measurement system. In this, air is entered through bourdon tube then air reaches through a link. Here, with the help of air link is jerked which affects the sector pinion. The Pressure will be indicated on the gauge with the help of these gears moves. Functional elements of thermometer: Thermometer is another example of measuring system. In thermometer, mercury act sas a primary sensing element. When mercury comes in contact with heat it expands and due to this reason mercury rises up we get the desired reading. Co axial cable: It consists of centre conductor surrounded by dielectric core. The braided shield surrounds the core and jacket protects the shield. This type of cable is generally used for communication purpose. It can be also used for the transmission purpose of data. Sometimes telephones companies also used these types of cables. It is called so just because of it carries the signal surrounded by another concentric channel. Twisted pair cables: The most common wire in the data communication is the twisted pair cable. It is a medium transmission cable consisting of two insulated wire arranged in regular spiral pattern. These cables can also be used for telephonic communication. It can supports to 10 TO 1000 Mbps. It can be used in Ethernet networks. It helps to lower the cable susceptibility most modern Ethernet networks. Flat cables: Flat cables are also known as ribbon cable. It is most widely used in computer data transmission. It consists of plastic base film with metallic wire inside. NASA also used these cables in space mission so that it would be easy for the data transmission made contact with astronauts. Fibre cable: Flat cables are long thin strands of very pure glass. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables used to transmit the light signals. There are 3 parts: Core: the centre of fibre where the light travels. Cladding: outer optical material surrounding the core. Buffer coating: plastic coating that protects the fibre from damage. Optical fibre cable Comparission Of Transmission Systems FACTORS COAXIAL CABLES TWISTED CABLES FLAT CABLES FIBRE CABLES Capacity It can transfer data 10 to 1000 Mbps It is having wide bandwidth In this quantity of band width is low It is having ling bandwidth. Uses It can be used for internet connection For telephonic purpose Can be used for TV transmission It can be used for high band width Shapes size Copper wire with metal jacket In single circuit two conductors Two conductor cable Fibre made of glass Advantage High data transfer Very thin cable Smaller than co-axial cable Only for long distance communications Disadvantage Signal leakage problem is there Electromagnetic interference It must be kept away from metal objects Complex structure of wire References: Introduction to instrumentation and measurements, Northrop Robert B Second edition. CRC Taylor Francis, USA; 2005. ISBN 0-8493-3773-9 Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation, A. S. Morris, Prentice Hall, 1993, Second Edition, ISBN 0-13-489709-9. Craig, E. (1993). Electronics via waveform analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag. Christopoulos, C., Wright, A. and Wright, A. (1999). Electrical power system protection. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. Bird, J. (2003). Electrical and electronic principles and technology. Oxford: Newnes. Second advanced course in artificial intelligence. (1987). Artificial Intelligence, 31(3), p.403. Aschwanden, C. (2008). Managing to Excel at Science. Cell, 132(6), pp.911-913.

The Traditional Malay House Construction Essay Example For Students

The Traditional Malay House Construction Essay This survey is to analyse the modern traditional common Malay house. How is the origin Malay house being transform into modern common houses and what is the consequence of modern-day stuffs. The kampong Baru is located in the capital metropolis of Malaysia, Kuala lumpur. This is a reserved country for the Malay cultural groups. From the instance survey will establish out the climatic consequence of utilizing modern-day stuffs in the traditional Malay house by the undermentioned inquiries: We will write a custom essay on The Traditional Malay House Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1: How is the clime of Malaysia? 2: How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional common Malay house? 3: How did the traditional common Malay house being modernisation? 4: What are the climatic effects on the modern common Malay house? Introduction In this paper, is to analyze and analyse the influences of Malaysia climatic factors on the design of the traditional common Malay houses. Basically it is portion of the research on the climatic effects on the modern-day building stuffs in the traditional common Malay houses in Malaysia. The survey is more focussed on the adaptation of the local clime on the traditional common Malay houses and how the edifice was transformed into modern common Malay houses through the modernisation procedure besides the effects of utilizing modern building stuffs in the modern common Malay houses. During the early twentieth century, modernisation and colonisation periods the British had brought multiracial immigrants into Malaya. Then, Malaysia defines as a multiracial state that included Malays, Chinese, Indian and others. During the colonisation period, multiracial group is remaining individually. The bulk remaining in countryside largely is Malays group and the Chinese and Indian were remaining in the metropolis. The Malay racial group depends to a great extent on the environment. Villages can be established even a individual traditional Malay house and the extra houses came subsequently. Normally, the edifices that built closely together were normally household members. The most important features of traditional common Malay house are the adaptation natural climatic factors in Malaysia. The traditional common Malay house defines as a richest constituent of Malaysia cultural heritage. The edifices built with local stuffs and local techniques. Largely, the resident will participated in the procedure of design and concept, it is to attest the aesthetic accomplishments of the Malays. The site planning of the edifice based mostly on Islamic beliefs and its environment. The layout was split into two parts, forepart and back paces. Obviously, front portion will be the welcoming guest country and it is decorated with different types of cosmetic workss and flowers. Back pace is the country linked to kitchen and washroom and it is placed near H2O, as the kitchen needs intense H2O use. The matrimonial position besides reflected the architectural manner of the edifice because of the Islamic beliefs. The house signifier had developed and modified over a long period to fulfill most of the cultural, residents demands and fortunes alterations. The traditional Malay houses are bamboo or lumber houses raised on piles ( lumber ) . The edifice largely is a station and header construction with lumber or bamboo walls and a thatched gabled form roof. There are ever big gaps on the sides of the edifice to supplying good airing. From a distance the traditional Malay house seems to incorporate of course with the environment. The big gabled form roofs, dominates the low walls and with different orientations and sizes created an interesting ocular signifier. Overall the Malay house is designed to provide the local climatic factors by assorted airing and local stuffs that are low thermic capacity stuffs. Besides the well adaptation to the environment, the design of the traditional Malay houses are flexible is to provide the demands of user and it evolved a edifice system called prefabricated. Th e edifice has developed a sophisticated add-on system that allows the edifice can be easy extended with the demands of the residents. There were assorted traditional Malay house signifiers can be found in Peninsular Malaysia. Normally, they classified based on the forms of roof. The basic signifiers of Malay house are called the bumbung panjang, bumbung Lima, bumbung Lima and bumbung perak. The most common design of the Malay house signifier was bumbung panjang that with a simple long gable roof, supported by the chief stations. The bumbung panjang is the simplest one of the four roof forms and it is an oldest identified in Malaysia. The bumbung panjang signifier became most popularity used on the Malay house among the poorer users and those built the edifices by themselves. Due to the bumbung panjang house signifier, it is simpleness and go a really efficient roof form for the edifice. Largely the stuff used for the bumbung panjang is attap. Attap is a thatch covered and tied together with nipah and others palm trees that can easy found in the local country. The simple funnel form of bumbung panjang roof is a real ly efficient in airing belongingss. The roof can chill the house efficaciously is because of utilizing the airing wickets at the terminals of the gable called tebarlayar and the airing articulations to supply better airing. Besides the bumbung panjang, the bumbung Lima, bumbung Lima, and bumbung perak are all non origin tradition roof forms, it has modified and developed through foreign influence. Furthermore, the bumbung lima Malay house ever with a hipped roof, the bumbung perak Malay house signifier ever with a gambrel roof and the bumbung Lima house ever with a pyramidic roof. Hence, they are two type of houses believed that were influenced by Dutch and British architecture during the colonisation. Last the bumbung perak house signifier besides known as the bumbung potongan Belanda which is a type of Dutch roof and it is a celebrated roof in East Coast. Originally, infinites in traditional Malay houses can be separated into front portion and back part. Therefore, the nucleus house ( rumah ibu ) or chief country must be at the forepart and the kitchen ( Dapur A ; Rumah Tengah ) country will be on the back parts of the house. The selang is a closed paseo covered by foliages and used to be a linking device for the forepart and back parts. The selang is supplying good airing and natural sunshine come ining the house. Besides the location of the side entryway to the kitchen, it is besides a infinite for womenfolk to socialise and chew the fat. Most of the traditional Malay houses entrance there will be a covered porch called the anjung that acts as a passage topographic point between the private and public infinites. The anjung will merely used to entertain the unfamiliar visitants and it is a favourite infinite for the users to chew the fat and rest. This floor was about 0.5 to 1 metre lower than the rumah ibu floor degree. Beside the anjung was a hanging gallery ( serambi gantung ) where most of the invitees will be entertained here and it is a one measure down from the chief house around 15 centimetres. The gaps in the serambi gantung provide good positions to outside and leting natural airing come ining the topographic point where normally occurred day-to-day activities. At the serambi gantung country can easy detect the embroideries like carving and grill of gaps, bannisters and wall panels. Following to serambi gantung was the rumah ibu, which is the nucleus country and it is the largest country and can specify as multi purpose country for most activities were conducted here. The rumah ibu floor degree was the highest and cleanliness country white the kitchen ( dapur ) was the lowest degree and untidy country of the house. .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .postImageUrl , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:visited , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:active { border:0!important; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:active , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PTSD Symptoms and Treatments EssayThe chief features of traditional Malay slang houses are it is good designed to provide the Malaysia clime. From the Malay houses we can detect it is designed with a really good apprehension for nature. In the traditional Malay societies, the villagers were straight obtain most of the resources from the natural environment for theirs edifice stuffs, nutrient and medical specialties. To understand better on the influences of local climatic factors on the Malay houses, must foremost understand the local clime, thermic demands comfort and the conditions of the environment that the edifice will construct. Malaysia is located in cardinal South- East Asia and has a tropical conditions. Due to the latitude and longitude, it gives Malaysia a warm humid equatorial that influenced by monsoonal clime. The monsoon clime here comes twice a twelvemonth, the first monsoon season comes during the summer season and the other comes during winter season. The differences between the two monsoon season are summer season conveying tonss of rainfalls and winter monsoon does non convey rain and is by and large dry. The one-year rainfall was averaging 80 inches to 100 inches. Furthermore, the clime here gives hot summer and high humidness throughout the twelvemonth. The temperature here holds around 24 Celsius to 34 Celsius, which gives warm yearss and fairy cool darks. The one-year humidness degree was averaging approximately 75 % or above. The high humidness clime causes the really high H2O vapor in the air. It can filtrate the solar radiation but it besides speeded up the decomposition, and the growing of algae. The local air current merel y comes in from nor-east and southwest these two waies. Normally air currents are in low variable velocity, high variable velocity air current will merely happen when rain. Hence, the local climatic factors here were high temperatures, humidness and solar radiation. Based on the local climatic factors the edifice built here should able to accomplish the thermic comfort. Therefore, rain, inundations and strong air currents must be control to accomplish thermic comfort in Malaysia Malay houses. For thermic comfort, heat will bring forth from the human activities and metabolic procedure. The metabolic procedure will equilibrate and keep the organic structure temperature ( 37celcius ) . The heat will let go of during the metamorphosis procedure of transition of good into energy. The heat loss through convection, conductivity and radiation can be negligible is due to the local temperature are about same as the organic structure temperature. Similarly, the sweat is reduced and the organic structure temperature is diminishing because of the high humidness. The concentrated air envelope blocks the vaporization from the human organic structure and it is easy for m particularly in humid clime. In the edifice airing is of import because air fluxing can take the concentrated air envelope in order to speed up vaporization. Similarity, a edifice without any airing, it will increase the temperature and humidness to an uncomfortable conditions. The chief beginnings of organic structure heat deriving are the local climatic factors conductivity from the edifice cloth. Direct solar radiation is the chief beginnings of organic structure heat gaining, therefore the proper design of commanding the direct solar radiation come ining the edifice is the most of import to accomplish thermic comfort. Besides that, the type of stuffs used is one of the major beginnings because the high thermic capacity stuffs will absorbed heat and emitted to the insides edifices. Therefore, heat addition from solar radiation must be minimized and maximized the airing in order to accomplish the human thermic comfort in the house. Obviously, the traditional Malay slang house is good local climatic control edifice and it besides influences by the local climatic factors. A local design of Malay house must hold the undermentioned factors must raised up on piles ( lumber ) , big opening on side, usage low thermic capacity edifice stuffs ( wood, lumber, Calamus rotang, bamboo ) , commanding the direct Sun radiation, a long thatched steep gable roof by attap, site planning and site layout. From the design of traditional Malay slang house, it is a really appropriate design to provide the tropical clime of Malaysia and it is more suited to the Malaysia clime compared to the modern brick house. The raised up floor in traditional Malay house is maximising the airing in the house every bit good as forestalling the monsoonal rain inundations. The raised floor is barely seen in most modern house and the quality of openness in the edifice is shown by the nothingnesss in its window, airing grills, the clears raised up unders ide and the unfastened insides. There are assorted characteristics supplying effectual airing in Malay house. The intent of elevated the floor on piles is to catch high speed of air currents and the insides with minimal dividers is to maximise the cross airing occur in the edifice. Normally, full-length gap and to the full adjustable Windowss or louvres will environ the traditional Malay house. The carven panels on the top of the Windowss and wooden wickets besides an of import airing device. Behind the airing, the hungering on wooden panels controlled the blaze come ining the house and it besides stand foring the Islamic books. There are two effectual airing devices on a simple gable roof. They are the sail-like gable-end ( tebar layar ) of the roof and the airing articulations called patah both are really effectual airing to direct air to air out the roof infinite. The houses in small town are indiscriminately arranged and seting the tree sagely around the house to let natural flo w through the edifice and integrated harmoniously with nature. The Malay house largely built far apart for future extension to carry through the demands of resident. In the traditional Malay house, there are more nothingnesss than mass and it is a lightweight building utilizing natural stuffs to provide the local clime. The natural stuffs define as low thermic capacity stuffs and it is a really good in insulating. The long thatched roof with big overhands in traditional Malay house has reduced the solar radiation and it besides designed to cut down direct sunshine. The low walls and big overhangs in Malay house, it make the shading easier and reduced the solar radiation besides the blaze from he unfastened skies. Besides supplying good shading, the big overhangs besides gives protection against driving rain. The walls and overhangs have allowed the Windowss to be unfastened in different state of affairs conditions. In add-on, the external environment of Malay house largely covered a nd shaded with trees or flora. This provides a ice chest environment and lessened the reflective of blaze for the house to put in. Traditionally, most of the Malay houses are oriented to confront East-West for spiritual grounds and reduces direct exposure to heat from direct solar radiation. .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .postImageUrl , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:visited , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:active { border:0!important; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:active , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Depression EssayNowadays, most of the traditional common Malay houses are being transforming into modern Malay house throughout the modernisation period. The Malay houses were modernized due to the emphasis from urban renovation and sociality alterations. The new Malay houses has different spatial layout besides the used of building stuffs and technique. Based on the instance surveies, the Malay houses in the kampong bharu were transformed the roof, wall, pillar and window. The external environment has besides alterations is barely to see high and tall trees merely short trees are planted at that place due to the limited infinite of the compound. The short and little trees besides blocked most of the natural air flow base on ballss through the house. Besides the alterations of external environment, the inside of Malay houses was transformed into more walls to split the suites and infinites. The cross airing and natural air motion were reduced due to the mass partitioning walls inside the house. As I mentioned above, the roof is the most important characteristic because the Malay house were categorized based on their roof types. The Malay house in the campong largely used bumbung panjang compared than the other 3 types of roof. This is because the type of roof is easier to build and cheaper. From the site I have found some houses really utilizing different roof for theirs chief and secondary roofs. The most celebrated combination types of roof in campong are bumbung perak with bumbung panjang and bumbung panjang with bumbung panjang. The long gable steep roof has become gentler for the sloping grades and sing the tebar layar on the gable terminals of the roof were modified the design or closed with wall panels. Traditionally, attap or wooden herpes zosters were the chief stuffs of the roof but by and large now modern building stuffs were frequently used than the traditional stuffs. Besides the transmutation of roof, the walls and the gaps besides modified due to present of n ew architecture during the colonisation period. The traditional wall is made by bamboo and the traditional agreements of drywall were wholly modified. The shuttered Windowss on the wall are one of the important characteristics to demo the feature of Malay house. The faade of the Malay house can be separated into 3 parts, the carved wooden panels supplying better airing largely at the top portion above the window, while the window or adjustable louvres ever built at the center and underside parts. There are some Malay house walls still utilizing the timber board but in the modern building brick walls are replaced the traditional bamboo or timber board wall is due to the care and long lasting jobs. There are 3 chief types of Windowss such as the short window ( tingkap ) , the tall window ( jendela ) and the punched window. The aesthetic wooden bannisters behind the Windowss are being used for safety intents. In beginning of window form, the jendela and tiangkap window have a cardinal characteristic to sort the Windowss form called Jenang pintu. Although, the Windowss in Malay house has the traditional elements but the proportion of the window has modified to slimmer and became closer of the spread between the Windowss. The western punched glass window was adopted modern glass louvres to maximising the airing while keeping the safety of the house. The traditional piles are no longer in usage since pillars are a really of import structural to back up burden from the house. In general, the brick and reinforced concrete pillar were frequently used, with the increasing of concrete pillar highs infinites of underneath became more efficient. In the modern common Malay house merely used concrete pillars and the underneath is normally walled to carry through the demands of user. The transmutation of wooden pillars to concrete pillars is due to the concrete pillars is more suited for back uping the tonss. After brought in the modern building stuffs like Zn, cement, brick, glazing and aluminium louvres window into traditional Malay house has modified the traditional house signifiers and side effects of the high thermic capacity stuffs. The high thermic capacity stuffs are non suited in local clime illustration like the Zn and asbestos roofs in Malay houses are generated more noise during the rains autumn and gives a really hot insides during the twenty-four hours. Besides the climatic effects the used of modern stuffs besides causes the diminishing of traditional aesthetic accomplishments and techniques of making the complicated thatched attap roof. Other than used of Zn and asbestos stuffs, the bricks, cement and concrete are better stuffs use for making walls particularly the wet country parts and stronger constructions for the house. Some of the Malay house has a closed underneath to make the house to double-storey house. Such alteration has transformed the visible radiation and air ed Malay house into solid looking edifice. The full-length wooden window has been replace by the adjustable glass louvres window with aluminium frames. The louvres window has modified the traditional Windowss into smaller and closed the bottom portion of the window. It causes the less efficiency of airing. The Fe saloon in louvre window is for safety intent but it wholly destroyed the quality of openness in traditional Malay house. Throughout the surveies, the traditional common Malay house was design to provide the local clime and it is one of the richest constituents of Malaysia cultural heritage. Besides the adaptation of local climatic factors the houses besides reflected the Islamic belief. The houses were developed and modified until it satisfies the user. Based on the research they are assorted house signifier in Malaysia, they merely can be classified based on the roof types. Overall the traditional Malay house was adapted to the local clime and it is design such as random spacial layout, raised up floor, full-length Windowss and high-insulated roof. The shadowing braid and flora around the house besides helps to chill down the temperature in the house. The orientation of house confronting to east and west was influences by the faiths ground and it helps reduced the direct Sun visible radiation radiation. In the modern common Malay house was transformed and modified to carry through the demands of resident but it still maintained the traditional roof forms. The used of modern stuffs was straight changed the house signifier and brought climatic effects into the house. Second, introduce of modern stuffs the lightweight building Malay house has transformed into more solid looking edifice and it besides causes the diminishing of traditional accomplishments. Overall, the sustainably in modern common Malay house was transformed and besides the traditional house signifiers were changed.

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The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Educational System in Ghana - Essay Example This project stresses that one of the main strengths of the educational system in Ghana is the government initiative. The government is supportive of the education in the country and has provided many schemes and programs that are supportive of education, both at the basic and advanced levels. Further, these programs have also been instrumental in encouraging students to study. For example, the government provides free education to children of school age. The government has also opened a lot of schools in the country so that education is accessible to students who may be located at far away places in the country. The government had enacted the Education Act in 1960, which sought to provide free education to students. This report makes a conclusion that the educational system in the country is benefited by the reform-oriented mentality of the educational planners in the country. This means that reforms to the educational systems have been implemented, which in turn has improved the qu ality of students in the country. For example, until recently, the educational system was mostly based on traditional systems of education, which had its own drawbacks. The reforms that were implemented in the nineties ensured that vocational and job-oriented courses were incorporated into the curriculum. This meant that more students were able to make a living from the training that they received at school and college. Reforming the content also helped in decreasing the number of drop-outs from schools.

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The gender class between the past and modern China - Essay Example In today`s world, Chinese women are given greater freedom and opportunities. They are allowed to live a normal life and make their own decisions but even today, the Chinese culture is in favor of men. No matter how much advanced and successful the economy is, men are still preferred more over women and are given greater opportunities. Historically, women were treated as mere creatures rather than members of the human community. The patriarchal structure of the Chinese culture gained a lot of importance during the years 960-1279 CE. During this period of the song dynasty, the gender differences in China reached to its maximum limit. The practice of foot-binding was introduced during this period and though not practiced today, this practice has left a number of foot prints (Gender issues in the Chinese culture, Web). Foot binding is a practice in which a girl`s feet are tightly bound to limit female mobility as well as to restrict the growth of girls. It was a totally inhumane practice which was thought to be started in Imperial China during the 10th or the 11th century. It started as a status symbol indicating a high social rank, but unfortunately spread through out China. Although it has been banned by the Chinese government, its effects can still be seen today as some of its victims are still found today. As a result of this practice, the women affected were not able to support their families by working in the fields and made them dependant. During the same period, women were forced to marry against their wishes and after marriage, had to comply with the wishes of her husband as well as her in laws (Traditions of foot binding in China, Web). Confucianism is the foundation of traditional Chinese system, created by Confucius who displayed gender discrimination by placing women at the lower end of a patriarchal domestic family system. This theory was supported by the initiation of the Neo-Confucianism which placed more restrictions of women. The teachings of Conf ucius were further strengthened by Ban Zhoa`s â€Å"Lesson for girls†. Apart from the practice of foot binding, female infanticide became quite common. The Chinese men only cared about their sons as they would carry forward the family name. The girls born in their family were treated as dirt and were either left to die or were even sold to rich families as mere objects and slaves. Families in China have favored sons over daughters in the past as well and this has increased the number of men in China today. There have been infinite cases of infanticide, better treatment of baby boys than baby girls and abandonment of new born baby girls. This increase in the number of Chinese men has been made possible by advances such as ultrasounds which make it possible to know the sex of the baby about to be born. This has been supported by factual evidence as the number of male births has increased from 108 in 1980s to 120 in 2000. This problem was worsened by the one child policy by the Chinese authorities and people were reluctant to give birth to baby girls as their only child. This increase in the number of men has been predicted to result in a rise in crime rates of sexual violence and other social crimes (China`s great gender crisis, Web). The problem of surplus of women has been felt by the Chinese authorities as they have made it a part of the country`s fie year plan to cut the ratio of the sex gap to 112 or 113 by

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Erp Implementation At Lupin Information Technology Essay

Erp Implementation At Lupin Information Technology Essay Lupin is a transnational pharmaceutical company producing an extensive range of quality specific generic and branded formulations and APIs in more than 70 countries like India, USA, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Philippines, with its headquarters located in Mumbai. Lupin was found in the year 1968 by Dr. Desh Bandhu Gupta who had the vision to fight life threatening infectious diseases and manufacture drugs which had superior quality. His dream has steered Lupin to be a part of Indias top 5 pharmaceutical companies. Lupins success story begins with the manufacture of tuberculosis drugs followed by a range of intermediaries and APIs and it also strengthened its position by making innumerable formulations. Financial Performance The following statistics about Lupin have been impacted by the recent changes in its business integration processes. In FY 2010, net sales grew by 26% to INR 47,405 million up from INR 37,759 the previous year and net profits grew at 36% to INR 6,816 million compared to INR 5,015 million in FY 2009 Manufacturing facilities Lupin has formulation plants at 5 different locations namely Aurangabad, Jammu, Mandideep, Goa and Indore and API plants at Ankaleshwar, Mandideep, Tarapur and Vadodara. Its ultimate aim is to deliver quality and scale, with successful integration of their capabilities and capacities to deliver a wide product portfolio that caters to the varied needs of diverse markets. Precisely committed to quality, safety and the environment, most of their manufacturing facilities have been inspected and approved by the US FDA and UK MHRA, WHO, Australian TGA and Japans MHLW. RD Research will continue to be the main driver for Lupins success. Lupin has a state of art Research and development centre at Pune, Maharashtra. It is a 19 acre land with more than 320 scientists working there. Lupin has 145 patents filed and 53 patents granted worldwide. BACKGROUND BEFORE ERP IMPLEMENTATION As we see above, with extensive manufacturing facilities and products coming in mainly from research, to sustain its position in the market it was essential for Lupin to integrate its manufacturing units by enhanced connectivity between them. In the year 2002, it had operations spread across 5 plants and more than 30 depots to manage. They were at this time using the FoxPro based systems. This system would not work online and the key issue with it was it used to take almost 10 days to get the month end sales figure compiled together and presented to the authorities. With this key problem in the backdrop, Lupin felt the need to adopt and implement an ERP system for its operations. At this point, Lupin initially went for a localized ERP version which was specific for every location and as per location specific requirements. But the problem here was decentralization. Lack of cohesion hampered the successful implementation of this. Thus a ERP software which would help Lupin set up, implement, monitor and evaluate business processes and then make it possible to integrate that information so that management may take a review of efficiencies was required. TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTATIONS OF VARIOUS ERPs AT LUPIN IMPLEMENTATION OF SAP ERP Impact SAP ERP package has benefitted LUPIN by streamlining business processes increasing accessibility and connectivity. From the time of implementation, Lupin has not required any additional staff in the service areas like accounting, IT, finance and HR. The 4 main modules, namely materials, production and quality management, have been adapted into the system. After implementation the company has doubled in size but this was possible with the same number of people. It also improved ease of access to available information. For instance, now even a sales manager has access to real time data with respect to the inventory levels which was not possible earlier. Online connectivity has improved the online accounting system considerably. It has also enhanced the inventory tracking and helped in materials planning as now the required raw materials can be ordered online, resulting in cost saving to a large extent. Implementation Problems and its overcoming Lupin had to overcome certain hurdles for the successful implementation of this ERP package. Some of these included user training including basics such as the mere operation of a computer; master data supervision, day to day trouble shooting and configuring new business processes coming into the system as per requirements. All these problems were mainly done by several rounds of user training, interaction, discussions which was mainly done by IBM. Also the 1st problem faced for implementation included to get all the disjoined systems connected online. This was done by establishing a complete VSAT network and Lotus workflows. This implementation was done by IBM and the initial investment including up gradation of network, hardware installations and cost of implementation cost Lupin around Cr.15. NEED FOR MORE ADVANCED AND SPECIFIC ERP MODULES Between the years 2003 and 2008, Lupin had successfully got US FDA approvals for plants in 5 places across India. These approvals specified stringent quality levels which needed to be measured and tracked daily. Sales and order management, travel and expense management and environmental and safety compliance management also become more and more important. It had started operations in Japan, South Africa, Australia, Germany and others through acquisitions. Regulatory compliance across these different countries needed to be managed. Accounting and financial reporting compliance was also a requirement. It had started its own research centre in Pune which required extensive information protection and security. Management of investigator sites, proper documentation, site agreements and contracts management were some other problems faced by the company. Increasing end-user productivity, product design cost estimations, shared services for HR, talent retention and attraction, procurement were some other business need faced. SOLUTIONS There were 4 major technology changes that were made to overcome a majority of these problems. Upgradation of existing SAP software to SAP ERP 6.0 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) from LabWare Quality Management System Enterprise version from Novatek International Language Independent Proof Reader Enterprise version from Novatek International Lupin has been successful in gaining a competitive advantage by using enterprise resource planning systems in combination with its existing systems. The major reason for this success lies in the fact that it decided to choose an ERP vendor which was familiar with the pharmaceutical industry and this gave it the advantage of financial savings and increased efficiencies. ERP IMPLEMENTATION SAP ERP 6.0 BUSINESS CHALLENGE ERP 6.0 ENHANCEMENT IMPACT Support growth plan Service in new therapy areas and business segments Accounting and Financial report Compliance: Enhanced contract accounting and collections Automated allocations and balancing by multiple dimensions Ability to operate a HR shared service center New general ledger for consolidated financial statements Better management of internal controls of 8 manufacturing units across the globe Contract Accounting with almost 10 contractors Advanced financial supply chain management Universal work lists for global operations Time management HR administrator Ensure quality compliance in products Ability to import rules regulations from third party providers Support for OSHA Monitoring dangerous material Increased support to: Occupational health Waste management Industrial hygiene Hazardous material management These factors are of utmost importance for a pharmaceutical company Sustain position of Global market leader in several drugs like cardiovascular anti-tuberculosis Better planning Better forecasting tools Investment tracking Superior product costing module Enables express Planning Business consolidations Product design cost estimate Important from global operations point of view Improve operational efficiencies in core business processes while bringing down interim costs Sales Order Management Better order-entry process Support to internet sales Price configurations Travel Expense management Speedy expense reporting Better travel planning Order quotation management Automated credit card feeds Integrated mileage calculation Mobile travel expense Integration with travel agency The implementation was done by a multi disciplinary core team from Lupin in partnership with Bristlecone, a company which specializes in SAP supply chain ERP implementation. Increasing end user productivity New application interfaces Updated role-based access Greater use of adobe interactive forms Self-serviced employees, managers Employee interaction center Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) from LabWare Need Patent of new drugs is a very integral part of pharmaceutical companies. Also at Lupin, documentation for intellectual property management was not organized and the IP registration rules were becoming more and more stringent. Another problem faced at Lupin was that research labs were treated as a separate part of the business. As the pharmaceutical industry has gradually progressed, it has been seen that research laboratories have become an integral part if the company want sustainable growth. The key problem here was that it was difficult to communicate RD with other business systems like MRP and Process Control System. WHY LabWare LIMS Can be integrated with SAP ERP The core code is separated from the configuration and thus allows LIMS systems to be implemented with ease. Easy Upgradation Scalable architecture for centralized operations at Lupin Multi lingual support which allows application across Lupins operation globally High level of security required by research laboratories in the pharmaceutical sector Compatible with any browser including Mozilla FireFox operated in Lupin LIMS Implementation Support for LUPIN Templates were designed in accordance with the requirements of Lupin as decided by the core team. Some of the important templates designed were stability testing, environment monitoring and QA/QC manufacturing. The following chart gives an indication of the various modules of LIMS used by LUPIN Main Business System(s) Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS) Project Management (PM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Testing/Stability/Shelf-Life Please refer appendix 1 for snapshots of stability and shelf life testing using LIMS Please refer appendix 2 for snapshot of a summary report of sample testing prepared by LIMS Impact: The benefit seen after the implementation of LIMS was that today when Lupin develops a new product, LIMS is used to; Test the new prototype product. Scale up manufacturing of the product Release to the market Testing defective samples after production. Environment monitoring Storage of historical research data Full sample tracking User certification Instrument and calibration management Standards reagents management Full auditing Report and sample scheduling Bar coding Please refer appendix 3 to get detailed understanding of how modules work, and information flow within the system using LIMS Quality Management System Enterprise version from Novatek International Need: Risk Reduction Integration to Key Systems Reporting: Documentation Flexibility Industry Best Practices Document Management Application Modules: SOPs, policies, work instructions Batch records Certificates of Analysis (COAs) Regulatory submissions Regulatory correspondence CAPA objective evidence Documentation related to change control Validation documentation Manuals, instructions Employee training and qualification records Project documentation Investigation documents, photographs, etc. Contractor batch records, quality records Audit reports and follow-ups Impact: Allows compliance with industry standards like 21 CFR Part 11, 21 CFR Part 210, 211, and ISO Consistent with FDA Compatible with ERP Maintenance of quality across different plants Reduce re-works scrap cost Reduce cycle time and process down time By implementing this software, Lupin has been able to manage audits like GMP/GLP/GCP, Clinical support audits, internal quality audits, site audits, pre-clinical studies etc. Language Independent Proof Reader Enterprise version from Novatek International This software is basically related to Automatic packaging. It has an Analyzer which proof reads insets, cartons and other printed material. It is language indifferent and hence most suitable for Lupin packaging as Lupin is a supplier of drugs across the globe. This software allows to spot and correct not only discrepancies between characters but also changes in color and pictures. This is very important for any drug packaging as it has life threatening outcomes. SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE Lupin plans to implement more applications like the Human resources, to control attrition rates and developing the internal organizational structure. ERP 6.0 has been successful in bringing together core business components. Lupin now plans to upgrade to SAP Netweaver 7.0 and also Business Intelligence for a more extensive and specific approach to pharmaceutical operations. Personally, I believe the company should aim at integrating their system with the customers i.e. contract manufacturers to enhance their supply chain further. Bandwidth and infrastructure are the two biggest setbacks that Lupin is currently facing and needs to improve upon. APPENDIX Appendix 1 LIMS from LabWare Module: Testing Stability of a product (Various graphs for pH testing have been produced) Appendix 2 Snapshot of LIMS showing a summary report of a sample produced Appendix 3 Modules used in LIMS along with their information flow throughout the system

Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla

In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316) Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316)

Accounting standards and principles Essay

In 1973, international accounting standards committee issued international accounting standards (IAS) which lasted till 2000 when they were replaced by IFRS. These are standard based principles, accounting practices guidelines, interpretations and framework adopted by the (IASB) (Epstein & Jermakowicz, 2010). In 2001, IASC was replaces by IASB which was mandated in setting international accounting standards. The objective of IFRS is to make companies financial statements to reflect truth and fair view of companies’ affairs as at particular date (Epstein & Jermakowicz, 2010). Generally accepted accounting standards are principles and accounting guidelines recognized by a given territory, jurisdiction or most countries especially the United States to supplement the role and objectives of IFRS. Financial statements should be presented, summarized and recorded based on particular generally convections, rules, ethics and standards in a certain jurisdiction i. e. GAAP. Formulation of GAAP and IFRS For consistency and fairness in financial statements which detail the performance of a company, certain rules and standards must apply. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay These are commonly referred to as â€Å"generally accepted† and all accounting professionals apply them as appropriate and ethical. Failure to apply them in accounting field result to agreed penalty by either body governing the practice or the territory restraining unethical practices to professionals. Various committees and bodies are put in places as setters which formulate and develop these accounting standards. International Financial reporting standards are developed and formulated by International Accounting Standards Board while Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are formulated by local financial reporting standards board. In the United States, the establishment and development are influenced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (Miller & Bahnson, 2002). All these bodies and committees have different roles and objectives which are agreed upon on influence to different accounting sectors profession generally accepted principles. International financial reporting standards are based in International Accounting Standards which are accepted globally. ISA changed its operations in 2000 and IFRS were added to cope with the changing dynamics of global accounting profession. Through discussions, contributions and comparison agreements, different bodies through their representatives contribute to the principles developed by IASB. Complete responsibility in all technical matters that include; preparation and issuing of international financial reporting standards, are based on the selected IASB (ISCF& IASB, 2007). Thus, the efforts of IASB involves, setting standards, formulating process of adopting standards ensuring the needs of different countries in the globalizing accounting profession (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). Difference between GAAP and IFRS GAAP and IFRS have difference in their jurisdiction of usage, enforcement and the way these standards are formulated. International financial reporting standards are globally recognized accounting standards, which are set by IASC from 1973 to 2001 and from 2001 by IASB. GAAP are accounting standards recognized as â€Å"generally accepted† by the United States. In summarizing, recording and presenting accounting information within a nation, the process is dictated by rules and convection of GAAP in the United States. International accounting standard board does not directly set or control provisions of rules and convections adopted by GAAP. Standards set by this powerful board are based from agreements and suggestions from various local accounting boards e. g. Kenya accounting board (KAS). Various nations will try to incorporate the set standards within the GAAP in their country. FASB in America has a mandate to set accounting rules, convection and standards that are later adopted by the US GAAP (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). This means that the role of formulating and developing the rules and standards principally lie to the local accounting boards. Various nations have made it compulsory for their accounting practice to adopt IFRS rather than developing jurisdiction GAAP (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). In addition, differences on the implementation and formulation exist in financial presentation between GAAP and IFRS. These differences are commonly in consolidation, statement of income format, inventory valuation and recognition, earning per share calculations and development cost recognition in financial statement. For example, in United States, consolidated financial statements are prepared on risk and reward models while international financial reporting standards prefers control based model where consolidation is done on the percentage of control and influence in subsidiaries and associates (Forgeas, 2008). Risks and rewards is more complicated since risk are subjective valued. Extraordinary items such as depreciation and amortization are included in the income statements under IFRS and in the US GAAP are accounted for after net income. This means extraordinary expenses are not taken to contribute net profits (Forgeas, 2008). Under the US GAAP, companies have option to use either LIFO OR FIFO methods of inventory valuation while in IFRS, LIFO method which is historical valuation method is recommended. When computing for earning per share under IFRS average on interims calculations are not included whereas in the US GAAP, computation requires that individual interim increase in shares be done averagely (Forgeas, 2008). Capitalization on development expenditure is done under IFRS and recognized as fixed asset while in the US GAAP; capitalization is not done on development expenditure but is accounted for in income statement as expenses (Forgeas, 2008). Another difference between GAAP and IFRS is how transactions are interpreted to mean. It is commonly argued that GAAP within a nation is rule based and IFRS is principle based. This means that transactions are interpreted based on the stated rules and standards. Ruled based interpretations lies with the professional judgment on certain transaction treatments in account. For principle based interpretation, the IFRS provide on more judgmental way to interpret transactions. This implies that principles are there to the interpretation of transaction and in rule based is on the professional judgment. The problems arise on whether judgment is accurate professional judgment or guessed professional judgment to transactions treatment (Forgeas, 2008). Benefits of GAAP and IFRS Uses of standardized procedures to financial statements summarizing, recording and presentation to the users bears a number of benefits to both the reporting entity and the user such as shareholder, lenders, creditors or the government taxation organ. Adoption of GAAP in the US and IFRS by other countries gives significant economic and financial benefits to decision making. Both approaches give consistency in managing companies and it is easy to compare companies using the same standards. Both standards put strict measures on deviation from the rules and ethics in a particular standard. In most countries for a company to trade public GAAP and IFRS must be followed and they require all financial statements be subjected to an independent audit and opinion thereby be given on the applicability of standards in the company. These independent accountants (auditors) must certify financial statements and any notes to financial statement have been prepared and to be presented in accordance of either of the standard. These two provide adequate explanations and definitions to transactions, provide needed assumptions to these transaction and methods applied in either computations or accounting for the transaction. By this, companies are able to follow the requirements year by year enhancing comparisons/benchmarks between companies and consistency in business operations. Valuation of various assets and liabilities both at the start and at the end of the year would be different between companies giving hectic time in comparison and auditing. These two standards enhance transparence and uniformity of valuation procedures of assets. For example, valuation of assets like investment and stocks unrealized profits can be ambiguous if such standards are not in place. Conclusion To make financial statement present a true and fairly performance and position of the business at a particular date, financial accounting standards are needed. High quality standards need to be set for reliable information that is adequate and useful to investor or creditor. These high quality standards and enforcement will provide transparency in business operations and promote full discloser to financial information which gives consistent application making statement user perform comparison of year by year and among competing companies.