Analysis Of Booker T. Washington - 1306 Words

In the 19th century, many things were changing. During the post reconstruction era, technology and industry became more prevalent, more land was founded for the United States and people fought for civil equality; in particular, the black population. In the later 1800’s, black empowerment was on the rise. As slavery cease to exist and the newly freed slaves were introduced to American Society, many were uncomfortable about how to strive in a world were they were constantly oppressed. Booker T. Washington, an educator at the time, believed the black Americans had to earn their way into society through education and accept minor segregation if it meant in the future, they are fully integrated. W.E.B. DuBois, a scholar, however, believe their rights were unalienable just like others and people of color had to be accepted no matter what. Despite being so similar in the ideas and practices of empowering people of color, Washington’s views of how to empower the black populatio n through hard work into society was more compelling for the time. Booker T. Washington, born April 5, 1856 in Hale’s Ford, Virginia, was a slave. According to the Virginia Slave Laws, a child born into slavery is also a slave, based on the condition of his mother. Early on, the plantation owner James Burroughs had Washington carry sacks of grains to the plantation and Washington was beaten when he could not do as required. One day, Washington saw a school with kids, reading and writing. Washington thenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington872 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade a part, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother was a slave which meant that he too wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1476 Words   |  6 PagesBooker T. Washington, in his autobiographical book Up From Slavery, recounts his formative experiences as a child and his work as an adult. Only 9 years old when the Civil War ended, Washington grew up during the Reconstruction Era. With African Americans able to attend school following Emancipation, Washington worked hard to get an education. Race relations of the era and the challenges African Americans faced would come to inspire Washington to pursue teaching and advocacy. He would come to establishRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1399 Words   |  6 Pages1a. Booker T. Washington had a very different social philosophy than most African Americans pursuing their freedom had during this era. This philosophy brought upon much tension and many tended not to agree with Washingtonâ₠¬â„¢s ways of thinking. One of the people who disagreed with Washington was W.E.B. Du Bois. Both Washington and Dubois were essentially striving towards the same outcome, but they both had different approaches. Booker T. Washington argued that African Americans must educate themselvesRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington926 Words   |  4 Pagesto the readings, Booker T. Washington believed in the Industrial Education also called a Technical/Vocational Education for the Negros, and W.E.B DuBois believed in the Liberal Arts Education. Booker wrote and delivered the speech The Atlanta Compromise in 1895. He was known for founding the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now known as Tuskegee University in Alabama. The Institute grew immensely and focused on training African Americans in agricultural pursuits. Bookers’ statement the AtlantaRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington999 Words   |  4 Pageswhich had videos about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. There were two African American men wanting to uplift the Black community, but sought two different ways of doing so. They both saw things from two different points of views. Booker T. Washington spoke as a southerner who grew up as a slave that experienced racism throughout his life. He advocated industrial/vocational education to give blacks a useful skill to make money and take of their families. Washington had attended Hampton UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois 1) Who were these men? Provide a brief biography of both. Booker T. Washington was born, into slavery, on April 5th, 1856 in Hale’s Ford, Virginia. He was nine years old when his family was emancipated, and they moved to West Virginia. It wasn’t until after he moved that he began to receive an education. He eventually graduated from the Hampton Institute; he worked through the time he was in school in order to pay for his education. He went on to laterRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1630 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were very important African American leaders in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They both felt that African Americans should not be treated unequally in education and civil rights. They had beliefs that education is crucial for the African American community where they stressed that educating African Americans would lead them into obtaining government positions, possibly resulting in social change. Washington andRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Booker T. Washington1047 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Booker T. Washington Success, through society’s critical eye, is typically defined by one’s occupation and annual income. This story of success takes the road less traveled; Jeannette Walls begins her story describing her motivation for writing it. Prompted by her mother’s urgings to no long live in shame of her past, Jeannette initiates her memoir by narrating what gaveRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1747 Words   |  7 Pagesand how they helped better the lives of black Americans while also disclosing some of their more problematic notions. The impacts and contracts of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alexander Crummell, and Marcus Garvey on post-emancipation America are evident through the social and political progress of the United States. Booker T. Washington was a nationalist who supported gradualism and separatism. He was very conservative compared to others of his time, especially other black leadersRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesstood out to me and impacted me the most is Booker T. Washington. Booker T. Washington is arguably the most famous African American Education Activist for his multiple contributions to giving African Americans the equal education rights in the United States as white people. He founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, or better known as Tuskegee University. Despite the racial inequality and segregation during his time, Booker T. Washington wanted to ensure that his fellow African American

Women s Rights And Equality - 1020 Words

â€Å"Who run the world? Girls,† is an iconic lyric from Beyonce s â€Å"Run the World,† and may give the impression that women have been dominating the world, just like men. What a listener will not hear in â€Å"Run the World† is how long it took and how much effort it took just to give women the slight feeling of equality that they have today. The rights women have now would not be in place without the feminist movement, starting in the 1960s. In the 60s, women began to take action, believing that the phrase, â€Å"all men are created equal†(United States Declaration of Independence), includes all people, not just males. By analyzing recent acts for women s rights and equality, one can see that modern feminism is representative of the feminist culture in†¦show more content†¦From the years 1963 to 1972, women acted, but there was not much government response. In 1972, the women’s movement began to take the public stage. During this year, Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed, which prohibited sex discrimination in all educational programs that receive federal support (Milligan 1). In 1973, Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade made abortion legal, giving women a right to choose what they want to do with their own bodies. In 1974, housing discrimination due to gender was outlawed. At this time, forcing women to take maternity leave was made illegal. In 1975, in the case Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court denied states the right to exclude women from juries. In 1978, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed, banning employment discrimination against pregnant women. The Supreme Court took a change in 1981 when Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman to serve on the supreme court, giving the court a new outlook. O’Connor’s service proved for the first time that women were not defined to restriction s of ‘male jobs’ and ‘female jobs’. Continuing this same theme, in 1984, Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman to be nominated for Vice President on a major party ticket. This same year, Mississippi became the last state to ratify the 19th amendment. A milestone was reached in 1992, with record numbers of women elected to congress. In 1994, the Violence Against Women Act was passed , which fundedShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Equality1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of equality inquires that all genders have the same rights and opportunities. According to law women are able to work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society. The 1st amendment reassures all Americans these freedoms. It does not assure that women can work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society without concern of being socially accepted. We deserve the same rights men have had since the beginning of time. In the past, the public has written the role women should bea r;Read MoreWomen s Right For Equality1467 Words   |  6 Pagessociety there is a need for equality for men and women, we must allow our well-being to achieve success. Researchers have been doing research on society to find the dissimilarities between women and men. We as women are by far the largest minority in the United States. I could relate the most important social, political and economic trends of the century, upon the achievements, as well as their missteps. Though we are making an effort to improve women s right for equality, the American dream isRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1132 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough women’s rights and equality is progressing in the United States, there are progressing countries trying to achieve their overall gender index rank, which measures the human development of a country. From 2006 to 2014, Egypt s inequality gender gap index rank has increased significantly from 109 to 129 out of 173 countries of the world (Bekhouche, Hausmann, Tyson, Zahidi). During Ancient Egypt, women and men had the same rights to resources such as personal health, work, and education. ButRead MoreWomen s Rights, Equality, And Opportunities1269 Words   |  6 PagesEquality. The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. A simple concept yet so hard to achieve between sexes. Throughout history women have always been the minority and marginalized. They were thought of only being a caregiver, that could not exemplify the same work ethic men did. Women were and still are neglected the same rights men have. Since times have evolved women have fought for the rights they have. Yet even in the year 2015, men are still considered to beRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and putRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages All men and women were created equal. However, this obvious truth is not universally shared. Fortunately, there is a very real fight for gender equality that we are currently engaged in, and a participant in that fight that holds a fundamental role are non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs exist as private, voluntary organizations that function without government restriction and bias because they are not for profit and not funded by the government. These organizations coordinate strategiesRead MoreWomen s Rights For Gender Equality1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhatever women do, they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult (Charlotte Whitton). Women’s rights promote an equality between men and women. Equality between males and females would be both genders being treated equal and fair in all aspects of life. Many people have been fighting for centuries to transform women’s rights. Women’s rights regarding job opportunities, military advancements and pay gaps have transformed over centuries and need to continueRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagesmay not even bring anything or anyone significant to mind. But no matter what thoughts arise through them, all three of these words represent an ideology, and two of them commonly have to do with diet. Feminism, or the advocacy of women’s rights and gender equality, and veganism, or the lifestyle and diet of avoiding animal products, are widely known and decently popular. However, locavorism, which is the lifestyle and d iet of purchasing and eating locally and sustainably grown food in order to helpRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Rights1274 Words   |  6 Pages Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, and remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreWomen s Rights Is The Fight For Equality1083 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights is the fight for the idea that women should have equal rights with men. Over history, this has taken the form of gaining property rights, the women’s suffrage, or the right of women to vote, reproductive rights, and the right to work f or for equal pay. Women were conditioned to be treated like second class citizens solely because of their gender until a crucial movement in American history during the late nineteenth century that would inspire a long fight for equality for generations

Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays

Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most powerful individuals in history. He was a great soldier, an unparalleled tactician and a skilled administrator. His dictatorship and ruthlessness led him to his thinking that he could do no wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a teenager, he grew in a revolutionary era that gave him the opportunity to become an achiever. His first military opportunity came when he became the captain at the siege of Toulon. Here, he was able to seize crucial forts even bombed the British naval and land military men. The incident brought about the retreat of the British forces. When he was the brigadier-general, he joined the military campaign in Italy but was unfortunately arrested and sent to jail because of his association to his younger brother Maximilien Robiespierre. After his release, he worked with Paul Barras who was a member of the Directory. Barras used Bonaparte’s great passion to stop a royalist mob in 1795 with what the now famous â€Å"whiff of grapeshot.† Despite Napoleon’s leadership skills, he had certain weaknesses such as impatience dislike of criticisms and over-optimism. These qualities manifested when he controlled and censored the press. Perhaps, he would be more admired if he was able to face and do something about his shortcomings rather the controlling the press. One of the grave weaknesses that he committed was actually reforming the tax system. He imposed heavy taxes in Germany and even cut off imports because of the continued wars. This actually decreased his popularity among the people. It is never a good tactic to become a dictator. A leader will only be a good one if his leadership is ratified in the hearts of his people. This was violated by Bonaparte when he opted to put the burden to the people in order to prioritize the war. Bibliography Asprey, R. (2000). The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Basic Books. Connelly, O. (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Cronin, V. (1994) Napoleon. London: Harper Collins. Durant, W. (1975). The Age of Napeleon. New York: Simon and Schuster.          How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Essay examples Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays Napoleon Bonaparte â€Å"The human race is governed by its imagination. †(Napoleon Bonaparte)is This quote by Napoleon shows how he believed that government should be made by the voice of the people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader of war for France, and ruled as a democratic reformer. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since he was a kid, Napoleon had great leadership skills, and a love for the military. He was an excellent student, and he studied the tactics of previous rulers. Napoleon led many great battles and won most of them by changing the style of the army. His new tactics, leadership skills, and many conquests led him to be praised by many people. This resulted to him being appointed Consul of the French Republic and gaining political power. Napoleon Bonaparte was a democratic reformer because he granted people rights based on the ideas of the French Revolution, understood the importance of civilians, and his people viewed him as a great ruler. Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruler who granted many rights and freedoms to his people. Many of his rights were based on the French Revolution such as the idea of equality. He believed that all people should be treated fairly no matter who they are. This is shown in document four, â€Å"No one should get special treatment based on birth or fortune, and this system of equality is the reason that your English monarchy hates me so much†. Napoleon also believed that improving education was very important, and that it would help bring their country forward. This belief is shown in document two, â€Å"Of all our institutions public education is the most important. Everything depends on it, the present and the future†. He also granted religious freedom, abolished serfdom, and respected his people. All of these freedoms are freedoms that a democratic reformer would certainly give to his people. Napoleon Bonaparte was a man who loved his country and his people which he showed by giving them many rights and freedoms. Napoleon was a man who believed in his people and understood them. He mainly gave his people equality because he understood how important it was throughout his life, especially his childhood. This is shown in document two, â€Å"Before I became a ruler, I was a subject, and before that I was a student. I can never forget how powerfully the sentiment of equality influenced my mind and excited my heart†. He told his civilians that he once was one of them, and he knows how tough life can get. Document four shows how he believes he can make their lives better, â€Å"I have always been of the opinion that the sovereignty should lay with the people†. A democratic reformer would let his people have a say in their government which is exactly what Napoleon did. He wanted the best possible for his people. Unlike an absolute monarch, he listened to what the people had to say, and he based the laws on them. Napoleon Bonaparte was an understanding person who helped the voice of the people be heard. Not only did Napoleon do such great things, but his people admired and praised him as a ruler. Christians believed that God had placed him on Earth to rule as their own benefit. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"God, who has created†¦ by loading our emperor with gifts both in peace and war, established him as our sovereign and made him the agent of his power and his image on earth. † Many of his people respected him, and they were able to list many positive things about Napoleon’s contribution to them. This is shown in document ten, â€Å"Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelty, military service, and the taxes levied for the preservation and defense of the empire and of his throne†. Such praise for Napoleon by his people clearly shows that what he does is for them which is a trait of a democratic reformer. His ways to connect and make his citizens happy definitely affected the way his people think about him. Napoleon Bonaparte’s rights and ideas based on the French Revolution, a strong understanding of his people, and his people praising him as a great person all lead to the conclusion that he was a democratic reformer. It is very important to know what his views on government were and how they resulted because we can relate it to governments of today. People can compare how certain rights given to people can better their view on their government. Additionally, it is a way to compare and contrast Napoleon and his ideas to present day government officials. With all of this information, people can make many connections to present day government to other’s such as Napoleon’s. Overall, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great democratic reformer of the past of France. How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Papers Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays The decision of shipping Napoleon to St. Helena from his place of residence in Elba by the European powers was a counterfeit attempt to defy the will and wish of humane leader like him. They were out of legal pragmatism to down play this shipment not to been an arbitrary or elsewhere capricious punishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now On grounds of discrete humanity, Napoleon deserved to live in Elba and not shipped to St. Helena where he would stay separated from the social and legal society he had ruled for long. Historically, he was born on the 15th August 1769 in the Ajacio of Corsica an island in Mediterranean. He was marked as a highly exploratory military leader who never compromised efficiency. From his military activity, Napoleon went into the historical books as a figure of great historical background as well as a legendary icon in defining pragmatic variable of leadership. (http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html) However, it was only after his fast rise into the military portfolio when the European powers contemplated him as a threat to global stability. However, this attribute was only attributed to his early childhood anticipation of career in the military. His trial was historically allied to his strong military command, which was characterized by hungry for power and leadership traits. According to Napoleon, his military conquest was a tool for the people in the Europe.   (Herson, 2004) As a characteristic of his military campaign, he made formal constitutional grants, introduced various codes of law, made abolishment of feudalism and also created government efficiencies which fostered development in education, arts and also science. In his proof, Napoleon was therefore a civil administrator with quite excellent characteristics. In his leadership, he managed to supervise as well as the collection of the former French law in terms of codes which were more prevalent in providing the country’s revolution. In the law codes, Napoleon had made fundamental incorporations of various freedoms for the French people aimed at providing more liberalized state governance. Such freedoms were legal manuscripts of the formal gains to France during the revolution. They compounded religious freedoms as well as abolition of the state serfdom. Amongst the great codes is the code civil which still persists in the current civil law in the modern France. Elsewhere, he provided governance centralization in which he made appointments for regions administration which was called departments and which were the jurisdiction divisions of France. (Trusdell, 1997) According to him, the government was for the French people. However, he had stern rejections on the people making the government. He used a strong police administration to provide the rule of order and a stronger governance power. In his leadership, Napoleon had abolished the concept of anarchy which helped tom provide order through afflicting the state of chaos. His state of leadership comprehended merit reward without any subjection of benefit based on race or wealth pursuit. His concern led to total abolition of feudalism which spear headed equality to the French people without religious discrimination or defense by impartial law. His rule was to overthrow monarchial rule. (http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html) Therefore, in the state of concern between the European power and the Napoleon, his final settlement should have been in Elba where he lived but not in St. Helena. Otherwise, the state of leadership by Napoleon was a triumphant attempt to bring to birth societal revolution in France by restructuring the societal portfolio. His emphasis was fundamentally liberal expressions by the people with the rule of law and order standing to provide  Ã‚   every legitimate form of association for the people. The shipment to St. Helena was a passive punishment which would not be fundamentally held to promote conceptual standards of humanity. He should not have been punished. Reference Herson, J, (2004) Napoleon: A Political Life. Parameters, Vol. 34 Napoleon Bonaparte. Retrevieved on 11th March 2008 from, http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html Trusdell, M, (1997) Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fete Imperiale, 1849-1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press How to cite Napoleon Bonaparte, Essay examples

Introduction To Instrumentation And Measurements

Question: Explain what a measurement system is with the aid of a block diagram. You need to explain the main system elements and the process of the system. The primary sensor: Signal Conditioning: Data transmission : Display or Presentation: An example of how a measuring system works : Compare the following types of transmission systems and give examples of their usage: (a) Coaxial cable (b) Twisted-pair cable (c) Flat cable (d) Fibre-optic Answer: The measuring system: A system which is designed to specify anything which can be measured is called a measuring system. It involves the selection of unit of measurements comparing the quantity with the standard unit. The standard chosen should be of the same of nature as the quantity to be measured. Examples of measuring systems: Temperature: reservoir temperature, Building temperature. Measurement System: resistance thermocouple is used to measure the reservoir temperature and QAA made sensor is used to measure the building temperature. Pressure: High pressure, vacuum Measurement system: for vacuum measurement ionization gauge is used and high pressure is measured using gauges. Measuring System Elements Primary sensing elements: Primary sensing element is the first element which makes first contact in measurement system. Then, the signal is converted into electrical signal but it is limited to theoretical purpose only. Transducers are the elements which converts physical signals into electrical signals. Variable conversing element: The signal output from the primary sensing element may be of any kind. It may be electrical or any mechanical signal. Sometimes there is an error in output signal and we are not able to get output. For any instrument it is very important to convert the output signal in specified or desired results. Variable manipulation elements: It is just a change of numerical value to the electrical signals. Its main function is to makes the duplicate signal and preserving the original signals. Voltage amplifier is the perfect example of variable manipulation elements. Signal conditional element: Signals received from transducer have some information which is further verified in the system. There can be some signal distortions which are then purified with the help of amplifiers. In the amplification process, the amplitude of the signal is increased with the help of levers, gears, and electronic, pneumatic, and hydraulic amplifiers. This increase in the amplitude is named as gain. Data transmission elements: The signal element carried from the signal conditioning elements produces an output later with the help of transmission elements. If we take the examples of air traffic controls air planes are separated by the control system but they are connected by data transmission elements. Data presentation elements: It is the last stage of presenting the data transmission. At this step all the signal wave forms are presented on virtual display on TV screen or LED monitor. CRT and oscilloscope are also the examples of display. Here is the block diagram of measuring elements : Functional elements of pressure gauge: If we take the example of pressure gauge there is bourdon tube, which is very good example of measurement system. In this, air is entered through bourdon tube then air reaches through a link. Here, with the help of air link is jerked which affects the sector pinion. The Pressure will be indicated on the gauge with the help of these gears moves. Functional elements of thermometer: Thermometer is another example of measuring system. In thermometer, mercury act sas a primary sensing element. When mercury comes in contact with heat it expands and due to this reason mercury rises up we get the desired reading. Co axial cable: It consists of centre conductor surrounded by dielectric core. The braided shield surrounds the core and jacket protects the shield. This type of cable is generally used for communication purpose. It can be also used for the transmission purpose of data. Sometimes telephones companies also used these types of cables. It is called so just because of it carries the signal surrounded by another concentric channel. Twisted pair cables: The most common wire in the data communication is the twisted pair cable. It is a medium transmission cable consisting of two insulated wire arranged in regular spiral pattern. These cables can also be used for telephonic communication. It can supports to 10 TO 1000 Mbps. It can be used in Ethernet networks. It helps to lower the cable susceptibility most modern Ethernet networks. Flat cables: Flat cables are also known as ribbon cable. It is most widely used in computer data transmission. It consists of plastic base film with metallic wire inside. NASA also used these cables in space mission so that it would be easy for the data transmission made contact with astronauts. Fibre cable: Flat cables are long thin strands of very pure glass. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables used to transmit the light signals. There are 3 parts: Core: the centre of fibre where the light travels. Cladding: outer optical material surrounding the core. Buffer coating: plastic coating that protects the fibre from damage. Optical fibre cable Comparission Of Transmission Systems FACTORS COAXIAL CABLES TWISTED CABLES FLAT CABLES FIBRE CABLES Capacity It can transfer data 10 to 1000 Mbps It is having wide bandwidth In this quantity of band width is low It is having ling bandwidth. Uses It can be used for internet connection For telephonic purpose Can be used for TV transmission It can be used for high band width Shapes size Copper wire with metal jacket In single circuit two conductors Two conductor cable Fibre made of glass Advantage High data transfer Very thin cable Smaller than co-axial cable Only for long distance communications Disadvantage Signal leakage problem is there Electromagnetic interference It must be kept away from metal objects Complex structure of wire References: Introduction to instrumentation and measurements, Northrop Robert B Second edition. CRC Taylor Francis, USA; 2005. ISBN 0-8493-3773-9 Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation, A. S. Morris, Prentice Hall, 1993, Second Edition, ISBN 0-13-489709-9. Craig, E. (1993). Electronics via waveform analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag. Christopoulos, C., Wright, A. and Wright, A. (1999). Electrical power system protection. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. Bird, J. (2003). Electrical and electronic principles and technology. Oxford: Newnes. Second advanced course in artificial intelligence. (1987). Artificial Intelligence, 31(3), p.403. Aschwanden, C. (2008). Managing to Excel at Science. Cell, 132(6), pp.911-913.